Alarm device



Sept. 18,1934. l.. v. GREGsoN ALARM DEVICE 2 Sheets--Sheeb 2 FiledMarOh 18, 1953 Patented Sept. 18, 1934 UNITED STATE-..

ATNT ortica 1,973,759 u ALARM DEVICE Lne Gregson, Seattle, Wash".` Appiicauon-Marchis,193s, sen-a1 No. 661,530

' 15 claims., (ci. 11G-92) `ThisA invention relates to improvements in alarm devices, and aims primarily to provide a novel and improved two-Way or double'action alarm device cspeoially designed and adaptable 5 for use upon doors, Windows, shutters, or the like, whereby opening of the same from the outside will actuate the device and thus sound an alarm. y

Contemplated by the present invention is a tWo-vvay or double action alarm device adapted to be attached to a surface at a door, Window, shutter, or the like', and embodying a tripping or kick-off lever having a neutral position, vvherefrom such lever is adapted to be moved in either direction for effecting actuation of the alarm mechanism, as for example, upon turning of the outer door knob, or opening -from the outside of the vvindovv sashes, shutter, or the like.

With the foregoing in view the invention es-` sentially resides and is more particularly concerned in the provision of a two-way or double action alarm device for use upon a door, window, shutter, or the like; which in its preferred embodiment is characterized by the employment of a casing adaptable for attachment to the door, windovv casing, o1" shutter, in anydesired or selected position thereon; a Vspring actuated mechanism disposed Within said casingY including an escapement, clapper and alarmbell; means for locking said escapement and clapper in an inactive or inoperative position; Va tvvo# way or double action alarm release dog connected to said esoapement and clappe'r; a tvvoY Way'o'rdouble actiontripping or kick-off lever adapted when in' a neutral position to selectively engage or Contact either side of saidl alarr'nrerlease dog fory locking the escapeinent and clapper independently of the iirst mentioned locking means; andv actuating means for said tripping lever adapted to be attached to the `inner door knob, or inner side ofthe window sashes for' effecting tripping of said lever vand release of said dog and the sounding of an alarm, when and in the event said rstmentioned locking means isunlocked and the' outer door knob is turned in either direction, or either of the window sashes are opened from the outside; all of which are' important elements and features of the invention and are to be correlated in the broad aim of enhancing the efficiency of the' alarm device for the uses and purposes for lwhich the saine is prir'narily designed and intended.

The above,- and additional objects which will hereinafter he Inore specifically treated are at` tained by 'suchmea'ns' as are shown in thev accom;v

panying drawings, described lin the follovving specification and then more clearly pointed out in the claims, which are appended hereto and form part ofl this application. f Y

Y "With reference to the drawings-in which there are illustrated several embodiments of the invention, andv throughout the several` views -of which like characters of reference designate si1n` ilar parts Figure l isa vertical longitudinal section of an alarm device comprehended by the' present in`` vention, as `it would appear when operatively attached to the inner side of a door and to the inside knob of a mortise lock of the non-swivel spindle type, said section being taken through line 1-'-l of Fig.l2, With the alarm meohanism illustrated-in a lockednor-rin'ging position;

Fig.H2 is a horizontal longitudinal section of the same taken through line 2 2 of Fig. 1.

Fig. 3 isa section similar to Fig.` 1, With the alarm mechanism illustrated in an unlocked ring'- ing position. Y y

Fig. 4 is a fragmentary vertical section taken in the plane' of Fig. 1 and illustrating the trp-` ping'lever and escapernent in a reversed-locked or non-ringing position to that shown in Fig l.

' Fig. 5 isa fragmentary elevation ofthe inner side of a door and its inner door knob equipped with the alarm device of the Ypresentinvention,

as it-Would appear when actuated or in a ringing position.-

Fig. 6 `is a similar elevation of a door equipped withv a slightly modied type of alarm device. Fig. 7 is va horizontal section taken through- 1ine'7,'7ofFig.6.` i Y' Fig. 8 is a fragmentary vertical transverse section taken through line 8 8 of Figf'l.V -Y

Fig. 9 is a fragmentary elevation of a Window and its correlated casing equipped with another slightly modified type of alarm device,`as it would appear with the Window closed. i y Y Fig. 10 is a vertical transverse section of the saine taken through line10-10 of Fig. 9 with the window sashes illustrated in a Ventilating or open position andin readiness to trip the alarm mechanism upon'further opening movement, and Fig. 11 is a fragmentary horizontal section taken through line 11-11 of Fig. 10.

Beginning novvA the more detailed description l 16 and 17, which are fixedly secured to the inner and outer ends, respectively, of said spindle 15 by screws 18 and 19, see Fig. 2.

Mounted upon the inner side of the door 12 is the alarm device evolved by the present invention and herein generally designated by the numeral 20, said device in the form disclosed in Figs. 1

to 5, inclusive, embodying a relatively shallow or ,short cylindrical casing 21 `having an open rear ,end adaptedto normally abut the door 12 .and

to be closed thereby, substantially in the manner shown in Fig. 2. In the present disclosure the casing 21 is adapted to be xedly secured, as by screws 22, to the door 12 in contiguous spaced parallel relation to its inner knob 16, this for a purpose which will shortly be made more apparent.

Disposed within the casing 21 and rigidly secured, as by screws 23, to the inner face of the front or outer end wall of said casing is an alarm mechanism generally designated by the numeral 24 comprising front and rear frame plates 25 and 26,Which are rigidly interconnected in spaced parallel relation by screws 27 and spacer sleeves 28. f J ournalled at its terminals withinthe lower left hand portions of the frame plates 25 and 26 is a transversely disposed spring winding arbor or spindle 29, upon which is mounted an expanding spiral or clock spring 30 with its inner end iixedly secured thereto, while its outer end is anchored to a transversely disposed pin 31 having its terminal portions seating within the frame plates 25 and 26. The arbor or spindle 29 at its forward end is adapted to project through the front wall of the casing 21 and is provided thereat with a winding key 32 for effecting rapid and ready winding of thevsprng 30 in an obvious manner.

The numeral 33 designates a train of gearing interposed between and mounted 4within the frame-plates 25 and 26 in a well known manner, which gear train is adapted to interconnect the spring arbor 29 with a transversely disposed escapement arbor or spindle 34 for imparting rotative movement thereto, said last mentioned arbor 34 having its terminals journalled within the upper left hand portions of the frame plates 25 and 26 and having an escapement or regulating wheel 35 rigidly mounted thereon adapted to be alternately engaged by the pallets 36 of a rocking anchor member 37 rigidly connected to a transversely disposed shaft'38 mounted for rocking movement within the frame plates 25 and 26 .in superimposed spaced parallel relation tothe escapement arbor 34.

. Fixedly secured to the shaft 38 and extending upwardly and inwardly therefrom is a vibratory arm 39 having a clapper or hammer 40v upon .its inner free end, which hammer is adapted to contact or strike a bell 41 interposed between the frame plates 25 and 26, and which is operatively mounted in any well known manner upon said frame plate 26. Similarly secured to the shaft 38 and extending upwardly and inwardly therefrom is a rearwardly offset locking arm 42, the inner free terminal of which is adapted to be engaged Vupon its underside by alocking or shutoii member 43 xedly secured to a transversely disposed shaft 44 journalledwithin the frame plates 25 and 26 and adapted at its forward end to project through'the front wallbf the casing 21, whereat it is provided with a knurledthumb knob 45 for effecting rapid and ready locking and unlocking of the .arm 42. A stop pin 46 proa jecting from the inner face' of the frameplate' 26 is provided to limit rocking movement of the locking member 43 in a counter-clockwise direction, as shown in Figs. 1 and 4, this in order to insure of positive locking engagement being obtained between the arm 42 and member 43, at which time the clapper or hammer 46 is inactive, as will be manifest and apparent by referring to Figs. 1 and 4.

Fixedly secured to the shaft 38 adjacent the innerfaceof the frame plate 25 in spaced parallel relation thereto is an inwardly and downwardly inclined two-way or double action alarm release dog 47,the sides of which, at the inner free end thereof, see Figs. 1 and 4, are adapted to be selectively engaged or contacted by the inner end of a two-way or double action tripping or kickoff lever 48, when the latter is in a neutral or non-active position, said lever being pivotally mounted, -as at 49, upon the inner face of said frame plate 25 and being rearwardly offset, as shown at 50 in Fig. 2, to project through a circumferential slot 51 formed'in the cylindrical walls of the casing 21from whichcasing said' lever 48 extends for approximately one-half its length for a purpose which will now be described.

The numeral 52 designates a substantially U- shaped actuating member for the tripping leverV 48 adapted to be clamped, as by a clampingscrew. 5 3, to the shank of the inner door knob 16, with its legs extending tangentially therefrom in slightly convergent relation, see Figs. 1, 3 and 5, said legs having longitudinally disposed elongatedA slots 54 formed therein intermediately of the clamping screw 53` and their outwardly bent or flaring terminals 55, the purpose of said slots and flaring terminals being hereinafter made more apparent. When the tripping lever 48 is in a neutral or inactive position, theouter end of said lever, is adapted to normally lie or be interposed etween the legs of the actuating member 52, substantially inthe manner illustrated in Fig. l, so that any turning movement-of the outer door knob 17 in either direction will cause one or the other of the said legs to Contact or abut said lever and move same from its neutral position. To materially increase the clamping action or frictional engagement of the memberv 52 upon the shank of the inner door knob 16, a longitudinal strip or tongue 56 is cut from the material of said member, substantially midway lits length, and such strip is bent inwardly in arcuate formation to conform,` to the cylindrical contour of said shank and to normally contact or abut the latter, so that said shank is substantially encircled or embraced by the member 52,l all as more clearly shown in Figs. 1 and 3.

In initiating the use of the present alarm device 20 the casing 21A thereof is installed upon the inner side of the door 12 in proximity to the inner door knob 16, either at the left hand side of said knob, as shown in Figs. 1, 3 and 5, or above or below such knob, as is found most convenient or most expedient for the particular installation, following which, withthe tripping lever 48 in a neutral or inactive position the actuating member 52 oi the device 20 is' clamped to the shank of the inner door knob 16 in an obvious manner, with its legs projecting therefrom towards the casing 21, whereby the outer terminal portion of the tripping lever 48 is interposed between the lli ner. rThethumb knob 45 is manipulated to unlock the locking arm 42, as shown in Fig. 3, but, as the alarm release dog 47 is in engagement with the tripping or kick-ofi lever 48, the latter being in its neutral position, the spring actuated mechanism associated with said dog including l the escapement and clapper remainr locked or inactive. With the alarm device 20 setto operate,- as above set forth, turning of the outer door knob i7, in either direction, will cause or impart simi-l lar turning movement to the inner door knob 16 and thereby ari-oscillation of the actuating member 52, which in turn eiects oscillation of the tripping lever 48 from its neutral or central position and its consequent disengagement from or release of the dog 47 to effect actuation of the alarm mechanism and the ringing of the bell 4l in a well known manner. During the above described oscillation oi the actuating member I52 and the tripping lever 48, it is to be noted that the Youter end of the latter is adapted to enter and extend through one or the other of the slots 54 of the member 52, depending upon the direction of oscillation of said member, and it is also to be noted that the curved or ilaring outer terminal of the leg opposite to that entered by the Atripping lever 48 is in abutment with the adjacent edge of the same, this for the purpose of maintaining said tripping lever 48 and the member 52 in operative relation at all times. After sounding an alarm the device 20 may be` again reset or rendered inactive by moving or returning the tripping lever 48 and its correlated actuatingmember 52 to their neutral or central positions, as

, shown in Fig. 1, or said device may be rendered w the occupants for any other reason the operator passes'rapidly along the halls or corridors turning the knob of each door and thus setting oi the alarm in each instance. l n

l In Figs. 6, 7 and 8, inclusive, the numeral 12a designates a door, 13a the door frame and 14a the door lock, all of which are of Well known construction. The numeral 20a generally designates an alarm device of slightly modied type adapted to be attached to or installed upon the inside of the door 12a, adjacent the door frame 13a, but, in any selected or desired position thereon relative to and independently of the door lock 14a, accordingly the alarm device ZOa'is attached to the door 12a in such a manner that its periphery is in abutment therewith, so that said device projects therefrom in perpendicular relation thereto, as shown in Figs. 6 and 7.

The numeral 21a designates the casing of the alarm device 20a having a flattened portion 2lb on its periphery for abutment with the door 12a, said portion having lugs 21o wherethrough screws 21d extend for flxedly securing the casing 21a to the. door 12a. The casing 21d is plovided with an open upper end adapted to be normally closed by a cover 21e snugly fitting within-said open upper end and is Xedly secured therein by screws 21].

The alarm device 20a is provided with alarm mechanism, not shown, identical to that hereinbefore described for the alarm device 20, which mechanism is xedly secured Within the casing- Zlga's by screws 23a, and is wound by a winding key 32a, locked by a thumb knob 45a, and tripped or kicked-oiby a tripping lever-48a, which latter extends, through a slot 511i, from` the casing 21a in the same manner as the lever 48 extends from its correlatedcasng 20, andat'its outer end is adapted to engage, whenV` in its neutral or inactive position, a resilient actuating member 52a flxedly' securedasby screws-52h,- to the door frame 13a, whrefrozn it projects' perpendicularly as shown more clearly-in Fi'g. 8', and fadjacent'its outer end is upwardly ois'et to provide a catch or lug 52e for engaging the outer end ofthe tripping lever 48a when the sameis inaneutral position as aboveV described.` y With the door 12d closed and the tripping llev'er 48a in its neutral position and its outer-end in engagementwith the catch 52e, as shown in Figs. 7 and 8, the alarm device 20w is set by manipulating the thumb knob a to releaseor unlock the mechanism associated therewith, so that uponY initial opening iriin'fenuant of the door 12a the tripping lever 48a will be oscillated to release and set oi the alarm mechanism, by reason of the fact that its outer end is restrainingly engaged by the catchr 52e, and remains so engaged until the tripping lever48 reaches the end of its slot 51a, at which time the outer end of said lever disengages itself from said catch, it being here understood that theA slightest opening movement of the door 12a is suiiicient to actuate or set-oli' the alarm mechanism. To reset the alarm device 20a the tripping lever 48a is returned or moved to its neutral position and the door 12a closed, at which time the resilient actuating member 52a is flexed downwardly to permit passage of the outer end of the trippinglever 48a over the catch 52o to again eect engagement therewith. To render the alarm device 20a inactive the thumb knob 45a is manipulated to lock the alarm mechanism associated therewith.

In Figs. 9 -to 11, inclusive, the numeral 57 generally designates a window, 58 the window casing, 59 the lower sash and 60 the upper sash thereof, all of which are of'well known construction.

lMounted upon the face of the window casing 58, at a point thereon slightly above the upper vend of the lower sash 59 when the same is closed, is an alarm device generally designated by the numeral 20' having a casing 21 Xedly secured to said window casing by screws 22'.' The alarm device 20 is provided with'alarm mechanism, not shown, identical to that hereinbefore described for the alarm device 20, which mechanism is ilxedly secured Within the casing 21', as by screws 23', and is wound by a winding key 32', locked by a thumb knob 45', and tripped or'kicked-off by a tripping lever 48', which latter extends, through a slot 51', from the casing 2l', inthe identical manner herein shown and described for the lever 48. Inthis type of installation, the Lalarm device 20 ismo-unted upon the window casing 58so that its tripping lever48' projects in the direction of the window saches 59 and 60, see Fig. 9, whereby opening movement of such sashes is utilized for effecting actuation of said alarm device 20', and

for this purpose the lower window sash 59 is provided adjacentrthe casing 58 with a `T-headed alarm actuating pin 61 vthreadedly engaged at its inner end within said sashto projectperpendicu- -i larly therefrom at a point thereon near the upper L n end thereof, the T-head of said pin being provided to eect rapid Aand ready placement of the pinin the'sash 59 without the necessity of using a screw driver or tlier'tool. Similarly, the upper l window sash is provided adjacent the casing 58 with an alarm 4actuating pin 62 threadedly engaged at its upper inner end within said sash substantially in vertically aligned relation with the T-headed pin 61, see Fig. 9, said pin 62 being threadedly engaged in said sash 60 adjacent its lower end and being adapted to extend perpendicularly therefrom to a point beyond the plane of the face or" the easing 58, whereat it is bent downwardly at rightA angles and at its lower end is bent outwardly at right angles, thereby forming a pin of substantially Z-shaped formation, which latter permits rapid and ready placement of the pin 62 in its sash 60 withoutthe'use of any tools and also permits cf opening movements of the window sashes 59 and 60 to Ventilating vpositions and tripping of the alarm device 20 by either sash, kwithout such pin fouling or `conflicting in any way with the lower sash 59` f With the window sashes 59 `and 60 in a closed position and the tripping lever 48 in its neutral or central position, as shown in Fig, 9, the alarm device 2G is set by manipulating the thumb knob e5k to release or unlock the mechanism associated therewith, whereupon the lower 'sash 59 is raised or opened to its Ventilating position, as shown by dotted lines in Fig. 9 and full lines in Fig. l0, and if desired the upper sashv 60 vmay also be lowered or opened to its Ventilating position shown in fulllines in Fig.` 10, -in which event and at which 'time the alarm actuating pins 61 and 62 are ered that the open or Ventilating positions of the sashes 59 and 60 herein shown are insufficient to permit anyone entering through the window 57 without actuating the alarm device 20. 1n other words, further slight upward or opening movement of the lower sash 59 will cause its pin 61 to contact and trip the lever 48' and thereby release the alarm mechanism, similarly, further slight downward or opening movement of the upper sash 60 will causeits pin 62 to contact and trip the lever 48 and thereby also sound an alarm. To reset the alarm device 20 the window sash which actuated the same is returned to its Ventilating or closed position, as desired, and the tripping lever 48 returned to its neutral or central position for retripping. However, if deemed expedient the alarm device may be rendered entirely inactive by manipulating the thumb knob 45 to lock the alarm mechanism associated therewith. Manifestly, therefore, the alarm device of the present invention is extremely simple, compact, durable and economical in construction; is reliable and efficient in operation; will not readily get out of order; and may .be rapidly and readily installed. f

While, I have herein shown and described the invention with sufficient detail, to enable those skilled in the art to which it pertains, to understand the mode of construction and the principles involved, it is to be understood that there is no intentional limitation herein to the specific forms and precise details of constructionshown and described, except as expressly clened by the appended claims, and that various modifications of the same may be resorted to without departing from the spirit of the invention or the benefits derivable therefrom. It is also to be understood that certain features of the invention herein disclosed may be employed in vand with combinations other than those shown anddescribed.

What I claim as my invention, and desire to secure by Letters Patent is 1. The combination with an alarm device, of an escapement including a rock shaft and a double action pawl, an alarm release dog on said rock shaft, a two-way tripping member adapted when in a normally neutral position to engage either side of said alarm release dog and thereby lock said escapement, and means adapted to move said member in either direction from said neutral position whereby said dog and escapement are released for effecting actuation of the alarm device.

2. The combination with an alarm device, of an escapement including a rock shaft and a double action pawl, an alarm release dog on said rock shaft, a two-way oscillative tripping lever adapted when in a normallyneutral position to engage either side of vsaid alarm release dog and. thereby lock said escapement, and means adapted to move said lever in either direction from said neutral position whereby said dog and escapement are released for effecting actuation of the alarm device.

3. The combination with a door, of an alarm device attached to said door and including an escapement, a rock shaft, a double action pawl on said rock shaft adapted to oo-act with said escapement, an alarm release dog on said rock shaft, a two-way tripping member adapted when in a normally neutral position to engage either side of said alarm release dog and thereby lock said escapement, and means adapted to move said member in either direction from said neutral position during initial opening movement of said door whereby said dog andV escapement are released for effecting actuation of the alarm device.

4. The combination with a door, of an alarm device attached to said door and including an escapement, a rock shaft, a double action pawl on said rock shaft adapted to co-act with said escapement, an alarm release dog on said rock shaft, a two-way oscillative tripping lever adapted when in a normally neutral position to engage either sideo-f said alarm release dog and thereby lock said escapement, and means adapted to move said lever in either direction from said neutral position during initial opening movement of said door whereby said dog and escapement are released for effecting actuation of the alarm device.l

5. The combination with a door and knob thereof, of an alarm device attached to said door and including an escapement, a rock shaft, a double action pawl on said rock shaft adapted to co-act with said escapement, an alarm release dog on saidV rock shaft, a two-way oscillative tripping lever adapted when in a normally neutral position to engage either side of said alarm release dog and thereby lock said escapement, and means on said knob adapted to move said lever in either direction from said neutral position when said knob is turned in either direction whereby said dog and escapement are released for effecting actuation of the alarm device.

6. The combination with a door and knob thereof, of an alarm device attached to said door and including an escapement, a rock shaft, a doubleV action pawl on said rock shaft adapted to co-act with said escapement, a two-way-alarm `release dog on said rock shaft, a two-way oscillative tripping lever adapted to engage said dog and lock said escapement while in a normally neutral position, and means on said knob adapted to `move said. lever in either'direction from its neutral position for effecting release of said dog and actuation of the alarm mechanism when said knob is turned in either direction.

7. The combination with a door and knob thereof, of an alarm device attached to said door adjacent said knob, said device having a tripping lever projecting therefrom, and a U-shaped member clamped to said knob and projecting therefrom to receive in spaced relation the outer end of said tripping lever between the legs thereof for effecting tripping of the lever and actuation of the alarm device when the knob is turned in either` direction.

8. In combination with the casing and sashes of a window, of an alarm device adapted to be attached to said casing, said device including a two-way tripping lever having a normally neutral position, means on one of said sashes adapted when the sash is opened to move said lever from its neutral position in one direction, and means on the other of said sashes adapted when the sash is opened to move said lever from its neutral position in an opposite direction.

9. In combination with an alarm mechanism, of an escapement including a rock shaft and double action pawl thereon,A an arm fixed to said shaft and projecting therefrom, a locking member adapted to engage said arm and lock said escapement, and an alarm release dog on said shaft adapted to lock said escapement independently of said locking member.

10. In combination with an alarm mechanism, of an escapement including a rock shaft and double action pawl thereon, a rigid arm on said rock shaft adapted to project laterally therefrom, a locking member adapted to engage said arm and lock said escapement, an alarm release dog on said shaft adapted to lock said escapement independently of said locking member; and means for stripping said dog to effect release and actuation of thealarm mechanism when said locking member is unlocked.

1l. An alarm device comprising a casing, an alarm mechanism enclosed within said casing in-` cluding an escapement, a rock shaft, a double action pawl on said rock shaft adapted to co-act with said escapement, an alarm release dog on said rock shaft, a two-Way tripping lever projecting from said casing and adapted when in a normally neutral position to engage either side of Said dog and thereby lock said escapement, and means for moving said lever from its neutral position in either direction whereby said dog and escapement are released for eiecting actuation of the alarm mechanism.

l2. An alarm device comprising a casing adapted to be attached to a door, an alarm mechanism enclosed within said casing including an escapement, a rock shaft, a double action pawl on said rock shaft adapted to co-act with said escapement, an alarm release dog rigidly mounted upon said rock shaft, a tripping lever adapted to normally engage and lock said release dog while in a neutral position, and means for moving said lever from its neutral position upon opening of the door whereby the dog is released and the alarm mechanism actuated.

13. An alarm device comprising a casing, an alarm mechanism enclosed within said casing including an escapement, a rock shaft, a double action pawl rigidly mounted on said rock shaft to co-act with said escapement, an arm similarly mounted on said rock shaft and projecting radial-l ly therefrom, a locking member adapted to engage said arm and lock said escapement, a twoway alarm release dog rigidly mounted upon said rock shaft, a two-way tripping lever adapted while in a neutral position to normally engage said dog and lock said escapement independently of said locking member, and means for moving said lever from its neutral position in either direction whereby the dog and escapement are released for effecting actuation of the alarm mechanism when said locking member is also unlocked.

14. An alarm mechanism comprising a casing, a spring actuated alarm mechanism disposed within said casing including an escapement, clapper and alarm bell, means for locking said escapement and clapper in an inactive position, an alarm release dog connected to said escapement and clapper, a tripping lever adapted when in a neutral position to engage said dog and lock said escapement and clapper independently of said iirst mentioned locking means, and means for moving said lever from its neutral position whereby the dog is released and the escapement and clapper actuated to ring the alarm bell when the first mentioned locking means is also unlocked.

15. An alarm mechanism comprising a casing, a spring actuated alarm mechanism disposed within said casing including an escapement, clapper and alarm bell, means for locking said escapement and clapper in an inactive position, a two- Way alarm release dog connected to said escape-` ment and clapper, a two-way tripping lever adapted when in a neutral position to engage either side of said dog and lock said escapement and clapper independently of said first mentioned locking means, and means for moving said lever from its neutral position in either direction whereby the dog is released and the escapement and clapper actuated to ring said alarm bell when the first mentioned locking means is also unlocked.

LUE V. GREGSON. 

